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Off-Chain Transactions Explained

Off-chain transactions occur outside of a blockchain network and as a result, are generally cheaper and faster than on-chain transactions but do not fully benefit from the inbuilt security offered by a crypto blockchain.

The crypto space is getting busier and ever-popular by the day, transaction volumes are growing at a rapid pace and this inevitably means traffic. 

Not the kind of traffic people want like increased visits to their website, but rather being horribly stuck in slow-moving traffic on a highway. 

The highway in crypto terms of course being a blockchain network like Bitcoin or Ethereum for example.

Continuing with the highway analogy, a blockchain such as Bitcoin has its limitations, just as a highway has a fixed amount of lanes. 

As the number of cars (transaction blocks) using the highway increases this results in a slowdown and this increased demand can lead to a rise in toll fees, or transaction fees in crypto.

In order to try and reduce or even eliminate fees, speed up transaction times and perhaps even maintain greater anonymity some people go off-chain for their transactions. 

 

The benefits of on-chain or simply regular transactions

Before we can look at what off-chain transactions are we should first acquaint ourselves with on-chain or simply regular transactions taking place on the blockchain. 

A blockchain is literally a chain made up of blocks of data. 

These blocks are validated by independent nodes on what is known as a decentralised peer-to-peer network, as opposed to a centralised network. 

This peer-to-peer setup with no central organisation and an extremely robust system of validation makes a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin rock solid. 

In fact, in Bitcoin’s entire existence, it has never been hacked nor has Bitcoin ever been counterfeited or double spent on the blockchain. 

Furthermore, the Bitcoin network is highly resilient with a highly impressive uptime of 99.986% since its inception and 100% uptime since 2013. 

This level of uptime and resilience is hard to match even by the largest tech companies in the world. 

Being so rock solid and secure makes a blockchain and by extension a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin so attractive as a means of holding and transferring value between total strangers. 

Despite these advantages, there are limitations and this has led to the use of off-chain transactions.

 

On-chain transactions also have their downsides

Naturally, on-chain or regular blockchain transactions offer a huge amount of benefits but there are downsides too which have resulted in the growth in demand for off-chain transactions. 

Bitcoin transaction fees are expected to rise as demand for Bitcoin and other cryptos rises. 

For many users, especially those making small transactions the fees can represent a significant or unfeasible cost. 

In addition, getting transactions confirmed on the Bitcoin network could take anything from 10 minutes to several hours. 

Compared to legacy banking this is already a big improvement but for many, it’s simply not fast enough!

 

What are off-chain transactions?

To combat the downsides of on-chain transactions several protocols and services exist enabling off-chain transactions with lower fees and quicker settlements. 

Off-chain transactions deal with values externally from the blockchain and usually come about via several methods. 

These can include two parties having a private transfer agreement, maybe something like the private sale of a vehicle between two parties or a third party may exist that validates and guarantees a transaction.

Think of a 3rd party like Amazon sitting in the middle to ensure that the correct product ordered from party A in the marketplace makes it to party B as promised and on time and the seller gets the appropriate payment minus fees of course. 

Without the Amazon marketplace or a similar 3rd party, the user would be sending money to the seller in the hope that everything will go well. 

A huge company like Amazon with its market strength and dominance provides the required level of confidence just as a blockchain does. 

Amazon however doesn’t do this for free, there are costs involved just as there are transaction fees involved with blockchain transactions.

 

Another off-chain method uses a code-based payment mechanism. 

In this case, one party purchases a redeemable code to exchange against a crypto asset. 

They give this code to a third party who then redeems the code either in the same crypto asset or a different one depending on the service provider.

All of these individual transactions are happening externally and are therefore not restricted by the speed limitations or transaction fee requirements of the blockchain but also do not benefit from the full amount of security benefits afforded by the blockchain. 

There is naturally a trade-off, speed and lower fees in exchange for perhaps a small loss in security.

 

A couple of off-chain transaction providers includes Lightning Network and Liquid Network

One example of an off-chain network is the Lightning Network, a decentralised peer-to-peer network that allows users to transfer Bitcoin off-chain instantly and less transaction fees, so, faster and cheaper than on-chain. 

The Lightning Network is built on top of the Bitcoin network and is known as a layer-2 solution.

Another example is the Liquid Network which also offers speed and cost advantages but uses what is known as a sidechain protocol. 

The primary difference between layer-2 and sidechain solutions is the difference in their security mechanisms. 

Layer-2 relies on the security of the main chain, e.g. the Bitcoin blockchain whereas sidechains have their own security mechanisms. 

However, both have pretty much the same goal, to reduce transaction times and fees.

 

Conclusion

As crypto has exploded in popularity it has inevitably meant an increase in cost and a slowdown in transaction times. 

As a crypto blockchain like Bitcoin is pretty hard-wired, alternative ways to scale are continually being explored. 

Off-chain transactions are one way to reduce the transaction load and offer users a cheaper and faster alternative even if there are a few tradeoffs involved.

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CoinPoker Explained

CoinPoker is a blockchain technology-based poker platform that uses USD pegged stablecoin USDT as the in-game currency and the CHP token is the currency of the CoinPoker economy.

Everyone knows that gambling is of course, well… a gamble and that the odds are rarely in the player’s favour. 

This doesn’t ever stop people from gambling of course. 

Real-life gambling in a casino, not a roulette table or slot machine but a card game like poker presents less of a risk when it comes to the cards that are dealt. 

The player can see the cards being shuffled and dealt in front of their eyes and it is purely down to chance what cards the player and dealer get and then a mixture of chance and skill when the poker hand is played.

When it comes to online poker this is not the case, it’s software that handles the dealing of cards and software is of course programmed and programmers can make the software perform however they want it to perform. 

This makes things way less certain for players, add to this the fact that online poker is big business and operated by large organisations whose aim is to make money it may understandably create some doubts amongst the player community.

In online poker players watch a shuffling animation on screen and have to believe in the poker room’s integrity.

In an industry where cheating on both sides is accepted as part of the cost of doing business any form of transparency surely has to be welcome, for players at least. 

 

Could crypto and blockchain technology bring more integrity to the online poker game?

Crypto and blockchain technology is able to provide the kind of secure underpinning required for such an endeavour. 

With this in mind, CoinPoker is out to level the playing field so to speak using crypto blockchain technology. 

CoinPoker recently released their decentralised random number generating (RNG) software to combat one of the most prevalent issues in gambling, a lack of transparency in in-game mechanics.

Over 60,000 users have played on CoinPoker since their launch in November 2017 and over 56 million hands have been played. 

While ultimately growth is a key driver for CoinPoker as with most businesses, the community is at the heart of CoinPoker’s key strategic decisions, very much in line with many of today’s top crypto projects where the community at large is actively involved. 

This is a far cry from the centralised online gaming platforms where there is the provider (the business) and the customers (the players). 

By investing in innovative blockchain and cryptographic technology CoinPoker can offer a potentially more transparent and perhaps fairer platform on which players from all over the world can participate and the platform can be held accountable at least to a certain degree.

 

Coinpoker uses the same cryptographic hash function as used on the Ethereum network, KECCAK-256

The technology behind CoinPokers’ decentralised random number generator (RNG) uses the same cryptographic hash function used on the Ethereum network, KECCAK-256 to securely transmit card shuffling information to players which can thereafter be verified via a validation tool.

Applying the KECCAK-256 cryptographic hash function to their random number-generating algorithm makes CoinPoker’s new RNG module virtually impossible to reverse engineer.

In addition, it includes the involvement of all the players at the table in the shuffling process as opposed to solely the poker room behind the scenes. 

In essence, the players can choose whether to participate or not at the start of each hand, as soon as they choose to participate, a secret seed value is generated and sent to all the players and also CoinPoker behind the scenes. 

CoinPoker then uses the values to generate a final seed value which acts as the input for the random number generator (RNG) and this results in the final order of the card deck. 

After a hand is played, the players can verify the randomness of the deck and also see the undealt cards that would have been in play.

 

Currently, CoinPokers CHP tokens are listed and available on KuCoin, HitBTC, ForkDelta and Yobit net. 

CoinPoker users can deposit their tokens on the CoinPoker platform or in their private wallets. As CHP is an ERC-20 token it makes it compatible with most Ethereum wallets

Coinpoker uses USD pegged stablecoin USDT as the in-game currency. Transactions can be made using USDT, ETH, BTC or CHP tokens.

 

Conclusion

Crypto and blockchain technology is disrupting many industries and online gaming is no exception! The underlying technology and genuine community-driven approach so common in the crypto world looks to be a refreshing change in the world of online gaming.

 

Disclaimer: This article is in no way an endorsement of Coinpoker or online gaming. It’s simply information about what Coinpoker is and the technology and business model behind it.

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Holochain Explained

Holo is a new type of peer-to-peer distributed platform for hosting decentralised applications (DApps) built using Holochain. 

Holochain is a framework that allows for the development of decentralised apps without the need for blockchain technology.

The driving force of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology is decentralisation. 

Our current systems are in almost all cases centralised, our financial institutions, services we use, governments and so forth are all for the most part centralised. 

Businesses have historically used central servers to hold company data, a central source that is under the absolute control of the business. 

Cloud computing has shifted this in recent years and now more businesses use cloud computing. 

Instead of data being on a single server and therefore creating a single point of failure the data is spread across multiple servers thus reducing the risk of data loss and even an increase in performance. 

This works fine for centralised organisations in terms of data storage and the offering of their online services to consumers.

 

The birth of crypto and the march towards decentralisation

When Bitcoin and blockchain technology arrived on the scene back in 2009, the overriding goal was to create decentralised entities, so instead of a government-issued currency, there was a decentralised currency that was not actually owned or controlled by any single entity. 

This idea or vision presented some major challenges, especially when it came to applications such as currencies, where security and integrity are paramount. 

Blockchain technology answered these two key issues, security and integrity by way of a single ledger (the blockchain) and a secure and robust consensus system, Proof of Work (PoW).

In very simple terms, the Proof of Work consensus method requires a decentralised peer-to-peer network in which highly complex computational puzzles (hashes) need to be solved before a miner wins the right to mine the next block in the blockchain. 

Once the block is written and verified across the network with a unique transaction ID TXID it is as good as set in concrete. 

The blockchain provides a solid means by which to record events or transactions but without the need for a central entity like a bank, corporation or government to back it up. 

This technology also has downsides, the big one being the speed at which transactions can be added to the blockchain. Every single transaction has to go through a computationally intense process described above in order to be added to the ledger. 

This causes a slowdown in the network and an increase in transaction fees due to the massive demand and limited capacity.

 

This is where Holo comes in

Holo has created an alternative model, not centralised but also not using a blockchain and therefore without the need for the consensus model. 

Holochain is still peer-to-peer and is decentralised but instead uses a novel method of using agents across the network. 

The data is still encrypted from point to point and there is no central point of failure, but each operator is working as an agent and gets paid in HOT, the token for HOLO for hosting decentralised apps on their system. 

We won’t go into how it all works here but needless to say, Holochain has created a form of hybrid model that is not centralised servers, not cloud computing and not blockchain-based. 

Their approach can in theory allow for high transaction speeds, high performance and a high level of data security and integrity. 

For decentralised apps that require a high level of security and integrity built-in, high transaction speeds and relatively low costs Holo could certainly provide a very viable solution.

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who are clover finance

Clover Finance (CLV) is a “one-stop” cross-chain DeFi bridge that provides a more accessible gateway to DeFi for everyone, including those that may be new to Decentralised Finance (DeFi).

Clover Finance was founded in May 2020 and the live mainnet was launched in July 2021

The rapid and exponential growth of the crypto ecosystem hasn’t come about without its fair share of problems. 

The two core problems that need to be solved are high gas prices (transaction fees) and network congestion due to bottlenecks causing the network to slow down and raising gas prices. 

In addition, as the wider crypto eco-system grows, there are more blockchains being introduced and while this helps reduce network congestion there is definitely a need for some form of cross-chain compatibility and easier access.

 

Network congestion is a growing problem in the crypto world

Currently, the bulk of the Decentralised Finance (DeFi) action is happening on the Ethereum blockchain, the second-largest crypto blockchain network after Bitcoin. 

Ethereum and Bitcoin both use what is known as a Proof of Work (PoW) consensus system for validating transactions. 

On the plus side, the Proof of Work consensus model is pretty robust and in crypto terms a relatively tried and tested technology. 

The key problem with Proof of Work-based blockchains like Ethereum and Bitcoin is slow transaction times resulting in higher transaction fees, in some cases fees exceeding the value of the transaction itself. 

As a result, many organisations are scrambling to tackle this growing problem, one of these projects is Clover Finance.

 

What does Clover Finance Do?

Clover Finance is building what is known as a foundational layer to enable Gasless user interactions to make the user experience easier and simpler, especially for those that are not hardcore crypto users. 

As crypto slowly edges towards something a little less techy and slightly more mainstream, the user experience needs to be simpler and the cost of transactions and network congestion problems need to be addressed. Otherwise, the situation will only get worse as web3 technology scales and touches more of our daily lives.

 

Cross-chain compatibility is needed

The other issue is cross-chain compatibility, when there was only one blockchain and one coin, Bitcoin, it was relatively easy. Everything happened on one blockchain and there was a single cryptocurrency, Bitcoin. 

This is clearly not the case anymore and things are only accelerating. 

Clover Finance is developed based on substrate, the foundation of the Polkadot network. 

Polkadot is what is known as a sharded multi-chain network and is able to process many transactions on multiple chains in parallel.

This radically reduces the bottlenecks that are prevalent on blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum where transactions are processed one at a time and not very efficient. 

One Clover Finance product, Clover Wallet allows users to view multiple assets without having to switch networks and supports Ethereum, Polkadot, Kusama and Binance Smart Chain to name a few.

 

Who are the brains behind Clover Finance?

The founders of Clover Finance are Viven Kirby, Burak Keceli and Norelle Ng. 

Viven Kirby is an experienced enterprise resource planner and serves the role of project lead at Clover. 

Burak Keceli is the tech lead at Clover Finance and has been an avid programmer since the age of 10, he was the creator of MBO Games as well as an instant cross-border payment platform, Stagg. 

Norelle Ng is the operations lead at Clover Finance and a seasoned blockchain expert with a background in human-computer interaction.

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TXID - Transaction ID Explained

A TXID also known as a transaction ID or transaction hash is a unique string of characters given to every single transaction that is verified and added to a crypto blockchain such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.

 

A TXID or transaction ID is a vital piece of information on a blockchain. 

Every single transaction that is verified and added to a blockchain like Bitcoin or Ethereum is allocated a transaction ID or TXID. 

Think of it as something similar to a booking reference number when you book a flight or a hotel room. 

Every booking reference number is unique and allows the airline or hotel to identify your booking and proves that you have paid for the flight or hotel room.

In much the same way a TXID confirms that the desired transaction was correctly processed and recorded on the blockchain network.

There are some very important distinctions to be aware of when comparing the booking of a flight, hotel room, or say a purchase on Amazon to a blockchain transaction. 

In all of the other cases, there are usually customer service departments with people on the other side to talk to in the event that a transaction isn’t processed correctly. 

Usually, with crypto, there is no person on the other side, the blockchain software and logic take care of everything and if something goes wrong it can get tricky or maybe even impossible to set right. 

Secondly, a blockchain transaction could potentially represent a significant sum, maybe thousands, hundreds of thousands or even millions. 

With those values at stake, it’s essential that the mechanism behind the TXID is rock solid and reliable and that transactions are permanently and securely stored.

With this in mind, it’s reassuring to know that blockchains use something known as a double 256-SHA hash. This is a very long string of numbers and letters and are very difficult to hack.

 

What is a TXID exactly?

A TXID or Transaction ID is a string of letters and numbers that is able to identify a particular transaction on a blockchain network. The string is a double of the SHE-256 hash of a transaction.

Whenever a transaction is signed the TXID of that transaction is actually signed. 

This ensures that if any part of that transaction is changed, the transaction ID will change rendering the signature invalid. 

This provides an additional safeguard to ensure that nothing gets tampered with.

This ultra-high level of security combined with transparency makes crypto pretty unique in the world of finance at least.

 

Below are a couple of famous examples of transaction IDs (TXIDs) to see what they look like

The first-ever Bitcoin transaction

One of the most famous TXIDs is the very first Bitcoin transaction between the pseudonymous inventor of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto and Hal Finney, an early Bitcoin contributor, cryptographer, cypherpunk and developer. 

Hal Finney received 10 Bitcoin on 12 January 2009 at 3.30 am GMT, at that time literally worthless and today would be worth in excess of €2.6 million!

TXID: f4184fc596403b9d638783cf57adfe4c75c605f6356fbc91338530e9831e9e16

You can view this historic transaction on blockchain.com by visiting: https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/f4184fc596403b9d638783cf57adfe4c75c605f6356fbc91338530e9831e9e16

 

The world’s most expensive pizzas!

On 22nd May 2010, computer programmer Laslio Hanyecz posted Bitcoin forum, Bitcointalk

I´ll pay 10,000 bitcoins for a couple of pizzas…Like maybe 2 large ones so I have some leftover for the next day”

Yes, 10,000 bitcoins!

In those early days, 10,000 bitcoins were worth around 41 USD. A bitcointalk user on the forum accepted the challenge and provided a very hungry Laslio with the 2 pizzas netting himself a tidy little profit. 

Today, in 2023, those 10,000 bitcoins would be worth in excess of 260 million EUR! 

Yes, you didn’t read that wrong! Those are two very expensive pizzas! Due to the historic magnitude of this transaction, 22nd May is now known in crypto circles as Bitcoin pizza day.

TXID: cca7507897abc89628f450e8b1e0c6fca4ec3f7b34cccf55f3f531c659ff4d79

You can view the pizza order transaction id here to see what it looks like:  https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/cca7507897abc89628f450e8b1e0c6fca4ec3f7b34cccf55f3f531c659ff4d79

 

Conclusion

A transaction ID or TXID is a highly secure identification of a transaction that has been verified on a blockchain network like Bitcoin or Ethereum. 

It is practically impossible to successfully fake transactions on a blockchain and this ultra-high level of security combined with complete transparency makes blockchains very interesting as a highly secure, global, transactional technology. 

For now, though, all you need to know is that a transaction ID or TXID is the confirmation that your transaction was recorded correctly on the blockchain and that everything went to plan. 

In addition to learning about what a TXID is, it’s also worth remembering the pizza story the next time someone offers you virtually worthless crypto for some pizza, who knows, maybe that same crypto could be worth millions in a few year’s time!

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web3 the new technological wave

The crypto juggernaut is gathering speed and at a breakneck pace. What was once the sole domain of crypto enthusiasts is now entering the mainstream with a vengeance. 

It seems that nowadays everybody is talking about crypto and itching to get in on the action. 

In particular, the focus and excitement is in the explosive areas of Web3 and DeFi. 

In this article, we are going to look at some of the fundamentals and longer-term investment opportunities presented by the major technological shifts taking place in the world of web3 and Defi.

It’s 2009 and Bitcoin arrives on the scene

It all began in 2009 with the arrival of Bitcoin, a revolutionary decentralised digital currency without geographical barriers or any form of central government control. 

The pioneering blockchain technology running under the covers planted the seeds for where we are today. 

Bitcoin itself is still purely a means of holding and transferring value, much like a traditional fiat currency like the dollar or euro or a valuable commodity such as gold. 

Bitcoin does not serve any other extended purpose. The arrival of Bitcoin however introduced a breakthrough technology, the blockchain which has opened up a multitude of possibilities that have the ability to disrupt virtually every industry and in particular finance. 

Welcome to DeFi and Web3…

From its earliest beginnings, the crypto world has evolved at rapid speed and has in recent years spawned an entirely new industry known as decentralised finance or DeFi for short. 

DeFi mainly runs on the second largest cryptocurrency network, Ethereum. Ethereum has gone from being a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin to becoming a broader ecosystem for DeFi projects mainly due to the availability of smart contracts. 

Smart contracts are agreements or contracts written in software that are not open to interpretation, discussion or adjustment. 

They execute exactly as per the instructions written into the smart contract and provide an ideal instrument on which to build sophisticated businesses in a trustless environment. 

In DeFi a smart contract sits in the middle as the authority, as opposed to a centralised institution as is typical in traditional finance and most other businesses.

What is Web3?

Web1 was the original bare-bones internet, simple, informational websites mainly. You can get a taste of Web1 by looking at ancient search engines like Lycos, hotbot and webcrawler that are still lurking around on the internet.

Web2 was commerce-driven and spawned the internet giants we all know today, Google, Amazon, Expedia, Facebook and so on. 

Web3 is the new kid in town and one that is creating quite a ruckus. 

Web3 has the potential to truly shake up and revolutionise the world we live in, create entirely new industries and potentially level the playing field, especially in finance. 

In essence, Web3 is the next major evolution of the internet, one that is decentralised and based on peer-to-peer technologies such as public blockchains. 

Take an organisation like Amazon, which is a centralised profit-driven Web2 business, it provides a centralised platform and infrastructure on which things can be bought and sold on the internet. 

In a Web3 world, there is no centralised Amazon, but rather a highly sophisticated blockchain technology using smart contracts that provide the software protocols and required levels of security needed to enable transactions without requiring a physical intermediary. Sorry, Jeff Bezos!

This Web3 model is extending into banking, trading, insurance and more. Just as there was an explosion in commerce-driven websites during the Web2 phase, we are seeing the same again with Web3 and this is presenting investors and novices alike with opportunities to get in early on the Web3 superstars of tomorrow.

Investing in protocols and the fat protocol thesis

Below every significant technology there are usually key protocols. There has been a fundamental shift in the way protocols are being monetised. 

Our current web technology is dependent on protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP and billions of emails rely on POP/IMAP protocols to enable sending and receiving. 

The crucial protocols that have enabled much of the technology we rely on today have been in effect given away for free by the developers who generously created them on an open-source basis. 

They are free to use and exploit and exploited they have been without a shadow of a doubt and one can argue with good effect. Imagine if every email cost money! (more on that later..)

Thin protocols/fat applications vs fat protocols/thin applications

In Web2, there are what are known as thin protocols and fat applications where the vast majority of the value is in the applications built on top of the protocols, think Google, Amazon and Facebook running on top of the core internet protocols. 

The value in Web2 is on the application side, not the protocol side. 

In Web3 this has fundamentally changed and has been flipped around, the protocol is fat and where the bulk of the value is and the applications running on top are on the thin side. 

Bitcoin’s creators cleverly invented a protocol and system that has an inherent value system and which rewards its participants at the core. 

If we were to look at POP3/IMAP, commonly used to send and receive millions if not billions of emails every day there is no financial reward. 

This on the one hand is great as emails remain free, but those that developed this essential protocol did not make a fortune from it. 

As a crypto investor, investing in protocols should be considered in addition to investing in the individual applications that are running on top of the protocols, a fundamental difference when compared to Web2. 

The name of the game is to be able to identify and invest in the protocols and applications of the future. 

There is something called the fat protocol thesis which says that the total value of all the apps running on top of a protocol such as Ethereum will never exceed the total market value of Ethereum. 

Thus according to this theory, Ethereum should continue to grow in value as the ecosystem it supports grows. 

The fat protocol thesis seems to be holding and provides a reasonable rationale on which to invest in protocols/blockchains for the longer term.

Web3 is the gold rush of the 21st century

One can liken the current Web3 boom to that of the famous gold rush of the 1800s. 

The pursuit then was gold and attracted hundreds of thousands of prospectors to California and South Africa. 

In a similar way, DeFi has exploded onto the scene with almost limitless possibilities, unlike gold however which is limited in quantity, DeFi projects are virtually limitless in scope.

However, not all projects will succeed and could be as useless as a hole in the ground so the secret is to know which tokens to pick and invest in and that isn’t easy even for seasoned crypto investors. 

Web3 money markets and how to earn a passive income from DeFi

Speculation is not the only way to profit in the crypto world. 

Just as with traditional financial markets, it’s also possible to earn a modest passive income by putting crypto assets to work. 

With interest rates still at a historical low there is a need for ways in which one can earn a reasonable passive income in DeFi from crypto assets by way of yield farming, staking, becoming a liquidity provider and through the lending of crypto. 

In very simple terms one can use their crypto assets to earn income in the form of fees or interest rather than profit from the growth of the underlying Web3 asset.

Conclusion

In the simplest terms, imagine having the chance to invest in Amazon, Facebook and Google when they were first starting out. Sadly, that boat has already sailed, however, the next generation of Amazon, Facebook, and Google are on the sidelines, fueling up and ready to make an impact. Just as with the web2 era, only a handful will become major players, the challenge is figuring out who the future DeFi and Web3 giants might be and get in on the action early!

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